What is Research?
Research is a systematic process of investigating and analyzing information to discover new knowledge, solve problems, or answer specific questions. It involves identifying an issue, designing a study to investigate it, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.
Research can be conducted in many fields, including science, social science, humanities, engineering, and business. The ultimate goal of research is to solve problems, advance knowledge, or inform decision-making.
Term ‘Research’ is composed of two syllables “Re” and “Search”. ‘Re’, is a Latin term which means again, afresh or repeatedly. Search means try to find out something by looking or otherwise seeking carefully and thoroughly. Research is the systematic study of facts with intent to seek knowledge on the basis of which certain decision can be made or valid conclusion may be drawn. Research is a process whereby any fact(s) are repeatedly, carefully and systematically investigated by the researcher to know the truth. The definite sets of methods, steps and procedures are followed to get accurate, true and reliable outcomes of any research. Goode defines research as, “Research is ideally the careful unbiased investigation of problem based in so far as possible upon demonstrable facts and involving refined distinction, interpretation and usually some generalization.
Types of Research
Research can be classified into various types based on it's purpose, methodology, and scope. The common type of research are-
Basic Research: Basic research or Fundamental Research aims to expand knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles and concepts without necessarily focusing on practical applications.
It seeks to answer theoretical questions and explore underlying mechanisms or phenomena. Basic research often forms the foundation for applied research and technological advancements.
Example: A biologist conducts fundamental research to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying a specific disease. They investigate how certain genes interact and contribute to the development of the disease, without immediate application to medical treatments.
Qualitative: Qualitative research focuses on exploring meanings, interpretations, and subjective experiences. It involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and textual analysis.
Qualitative research aims to gain insights into individuals’ perspectives, behaviors, and social contexts, often employing methods such as thematic analysis, grounded theory, and phenomenology.
Example: A sociologist conducts qualitative research on the experiences of immigrant families in a new country. They conduct in-depth interviews with immigrants to understand their challenges, aspirations, and social integration processes.
Quantitative: Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. It typically uses structured research instruments such as surveys, experiments, and statistical analyses to gather and analyze data.
Quantitative research focuses on generating numerical or mathematical findings that can be statistically analyzed and generalized to larger populations.
Example: A survey asking people how many hours they spend on social media each day. The researchers collect numerical data (hours) to analyze trends and patterns in social media usage.
Applied research: Applied research is a type of research that is conducted to address practical problems or improve existing practices. It focuses on directly applying knowledge and theories to real-world situations and aims to provide actionable solutions. The results of applied research can potentially impact society, leading to advancements in technology, policy improvements, or enhanced practices in various domains, including healthcare, education, business, and engineering.
Descriptive Research: Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena as they naturally occur. It involves collecting data through observations, surveys, or case studies to provide a comprehensive overview of a particular topic.
Descriptive research does not involve manipulating variables or testing hypotheses but focuses on describing and documenting existing conditions or relationships.
Example: Think of a study analyzing the demographics of participants in a fitness program. The researchers describe characteristics like age, gender, and fitness levels to understand the program’s target audience.
Exploratory research: Exploratory research aims to investigate a topic or problem in an exploratory manner. It is often conducted when there is limited existing knowledge or understanding of a subject and aims to generate insights and identify potential research questions or hypotheses.
Exploratory research methods may include literature reviews, interviews, focus groups, or pilot studies.
Example: Imagine a company exploring the potential market for a new product. They conduct focus groups and interviews to gather insights from potential customers and uncover opportunities for innovation.
Comparative research: Where two or more groups, phenomenon, society, policy, instruments, principles or theories are compared for certain objectives. Such comparison is made according to the objectives and purposes of the study. If two or more options are available for making any decision, then comparing things is necessary for going with the better choice.
Experimental Research: Experimental research involves manipulating variables to test causal relationships and hypotheses. It typically involves the random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups to assess the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
Experimental research allows researchers to establish cause and-effect relationships and control extraneous variables to ensure internal validity.
Example: Consider a scientist testing the effects of different fertilizers on plant growth. They set up controlled experiments with variables like fertilizer type and measure how each affects plant growth over time.
Historical Research: In historical research, past events are studied systematically and chronologically so that a clear description can be given as to the happening of events in the past. In historical research, scattered recorded facts are collected.
Example: Studying ancient manuscripts to learn about medieval governance systems.
Understanding the various types of research is crucial for selecting appropriate methodologies that align with specific objectives and questions. Each type serves a unique purpose in advancing knowledge and solving real-world problems, making research an essential component across disciplines.
